diff --git a/app/models.py b/app/models.py
index 7dfe254..4d2759f 100644
--- a/app/models.py
+++ b/app/models.py
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ class Postcard(Base):
     status = Column(String(16), nullable=False)
     # sent & delivered
     recipient_name = Column(String(64))
-    country = Column(String(64))
     country_from = Column(String(2))
+    country_to = Column(String(2))
     send_time = Column(DateTime)
     arrival_time = Column(DateTime)
     # received
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ class Postcard(Base):
 
     profile = relationship("Profile", back_populates="postcards")
 
-    @validates("country")
-    def _upper_country(self, key, value):
-        return value.strip().upper() if value else None
-
     @validates("country_from")
     def _upper_country_from(self, key, value):
         return value.strip().upper() if value else None
 
+    @validates("country_to")
+    def _upper_country_to(self, key, value):
+        return value.strip().upper() if value else None
+
 
 class ApiKey(Base):
     __tablename__ = "api_keys"
diff --git a/app/routers/api.py b/app/routers/api.py
index a168e05..c9a66ec 100644
--- a/app/routers/api.py
+++ b/app/routers/api.py
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ class PostcardCreate(BaseModel):
     card_number: str
     status: str
     recipient_name: str | None = None
-    country: str | None = None
     country_from: str | None = None
+    country_to: str | None = None
     send_time: str | None = None
     arrival_time: str | None = None
     sender_name: str | None = None
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ class PostcardUpdate(BaseModel):
     card_number: str | None = None
     status: str | None = None
     recipient_name: str | None = None
-    country: str | None = None
     country_from: str | None = None
+    country_to: str | None = None
     send_time: str | None = None
     arrival_time: str | None = None
     sender_name: str | None = None
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ class PostcardOut(BaseModel):
     card_number: str
     status: str
     recipient_name: str | None
-    country: str | None
     country_from: str | None
+    country_to: str | None
     send_time: datetime | None
     arrival_time: datetime | None
     sender_name: str | None
@@ -294,8 +294,8 @@ def create_postcard(
         card_number=cn,
         status=body.status,
         recipient_name=body.recipient_name,
-        country=body.country.strip().upper() if body.country else None,
         country_from=body.country_from.strip().upper() if body.country_from else None,
+        country_to=body.country_to.strip().upper() if body.country_to else None,
         send_time=_parse_date(body.send_time),
         arrival_time=_parse_date(body.arrival_time),
         sender_name=body.sender_name,
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ def update_postcard(
         if dup:
             raise HTTPException(status_code=409, detail="Card number already exists")
         pc.card_number = cn
-    if body.country is not None:
-        pc.country = body.country.strip().upper() if body.country else None
+    if body.country_to is not None:
+        pc.country_to = body.country_to.strip().upper() if body.country_to else None
     if body.country_from is not None:
         pc.country_from = body.country_from.strip().upper() if body.country_from else None
     for field in ("send_time", "arrival_time", "receive_time"):
diff --git a/app/routers/web.py b/app/routers/web.py
index 55cea60..ba3ceea 100644
--- a/app/routers/web.py
+++ b/app/routers/web.py
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ def api_public_cards(
         "cards": [{
             "image_front": c.image_front,
             "country_from": c.country_from,
-            "country": c.country,
+            "country_to": c.country_to,
             "status": c.status,
         } for c in batch],
     })
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ def api_public_cards_user(
         "cards": [{
             "image_front": c.image_front,
             "country_from": c.country_from,
-            "country": c.country,
+            "country_to": c.country_to,
         } for c in batch],
     })
 
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ def dashboard(request: Request, user: User = Depends(get_current_user_web), db:
     sent = sum(1 for c in all_cards if c.status == "sent")
     delivered = sum(1 for c in all_cards if c.status == "delivered")
     received = sum(1 for c in all_cards if c.status == "received")
-    countries = len({c.country for c in all_cards if c.country})
+    countries = len({c.country_to for c in all_cards if c.country_to})
 
     # recent postcards across all profiles (last 8), sorted by most recently updated
     all_cards.sort(key=lambda c: c.updated_at or c.created_at, reverse=True)
@@ -611,12 +611,12 @@ def dashboard(request: Request, user: User = Depends(get_current_user_web), db:
     sent_country_counts: dict[str, int] = {}
     received_country_counts: dict[str, int] = {}
     for c in all_cards:
-        if not c.country:
+        if not c.country_to:
             continue
         if c.status in ("sent", "delivered"):
-            sent_country_counts[c.country] = sent_country_counts.get(c.country, 0) + 1
+            sent_country_counts[c.country_to] = sent_country_counts.get(c.country_to, 0) + 1
         elif c.status == "received":
-            received_country_counts[c.country] = received_country_counts.get(c.country, 0) + 1
+            received_country_counts[c.country_to] = received_country_counts.get(c.country_to, 0) + 1
     sent_country_stats = sorted(sent_country_counts.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1])
     received_country_stats = sorted(received_country_counts.items(), key=lambda x: -x[1])
 
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ def profile_list(request: Request, user: User = Depends(get_current_user_web), d
             "sent": sum(1 for c in cards if c.status == "sent"),
             "delivered": sum(1 for c in cards if c.status == "delivered"),
             "received": sum(1 for c in cards if c.status == "received"),
-            "countries": len({c.country for c in cards if c.country}),
+            "countries": len({c.country_to for c in cards if c.country_to}),
         }
     return templates.TemplateResponse("profiles.html", {"request": request, "user": user, "profiles": profiles, "extras": extras})
 
@@ -701,11 +701,11 @@ def postcard_list(
         return _redirect("/profiles")
     q = db.query(Postcard).filter(Postcard.profile_id == profile_id)
     if country:
-        q = q.filter(Postcard.country == country)
+        q = q.filter(Postcard.country_to == country)
     postcards = q.all()
 
     # collect existing countries for dropdown
-    all_countries = sorted({pc.country for pc in db.query(Postcard.country).filter(Postcard.profile_id == profile_id, Postcard.country.isnot(None)).all()})
+    all_countries = sorted({pc.country_to for pc in db.query(Postcard.country_to).filter(Postcard.profile_id == profile_id, Postcard.country_to.isnot(None)).all()})
 
     # status sort order: sent=0, delivered=1, received=2
     _status_order = {"sent": 0, "delivered": 1, "received": 2}
@@ -777,8 +777,8 @@ def postcard_create(
         card_number=card_number.strip(),
         status=status,
         recipient_name=recipient_name or None,
-        country=(country.strip().upper() if country else None),
         country_from=(country_from.strip().upper() if country_from else profile.country),
+        country_to=(country.strip().upper() if country else None),
         send_time=_parse_dt(send_time),
         arrival_time=_parse_dt(arrival_time),
         sender_name=sender_name or None,
@@ -868,8 +868,8 @@ def postcard_update(
     pc.card_number = card_number.strip()
     pc.status = status
     pc.recipient_name = recipient_name or None
-    pc.country = country or None
     pc.country_from = country_from.strip().upper() if country_from else pc.country_from
+    pc.country_to = country or None
     pc.send_time = _parse_dt(send_time)
     pc.arrival_time = None if status == "sent" else _parse_dt(arrival_time)
     pc.sender_name = sender_name or None
diff --git a/app/schemas.py b/app/schemas.py
index 8bc54df..ecac069 100644
--- a/app/schemas.py
+++ b/app/schemas.py
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class PostcardCreate(BaseModel):
     card_number: str
     status: str
     recipient_name: str | None = None
-    country: str | None = None
     country_from: str | None = None
+    country_to: str | None = None
     send_time: datetime | None = None
     arrival_time: datetime | None = None
     sender_name: str | None = None
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ class PostcardUpdate(BaseModel):
     card_number: str | None = None
     status: str | None = None
     recipient_name: str | None = None
-    country: str | None = None
     country_from: str | None = None
+    country_to: str | None = None
     send_time: datetime | None = None
     arrival_time: datetime | None = None
     sender_name: str | None = None
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class PostcardOut(BaseModel):
     card_number: str
     status: str
     recipient_name: str | None
-    country: str | None
     country_from: str | None
+    country_to: str | None
     send_time: datetime | None
     arrival_time: datetime | None
     sender_name: str | None
diff --git a/app/templates/dashboard.html b/app/templates/dashboard.html
index d855759..05a7f32 100644
--- a/app/templates/dashboard.html
+++ b/app/templates/dashboard.html
@@ -118,8 +118,10 @@ new Chart(document.getElementById('chart-received'), {
                     <span class="badge badge-{{ pc.status }}">{{ {'sent':'已寄出','delivered':'已送达','received':'已收到'}.get(pc.status) if user.language=='zh' else {'sent':'Sent','delivered':'Delivered','received':'Received'}.get(pc.status) }}</span>
                 </div>
                 <div class="recent-meta">
+                    {% if pc.country_from and pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_from }} → {{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                    {% elif pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                    {% endif %}
                     {% if pc.status in ('sent','delivered') %}
-                    <span>{{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country or '' }}</span>
                     <span>→ {{ pc.recipient_name or '-' }}</span>
                     {% else %}
                     <span>← {{ pc.sender_name or '-' }}</span>
diff --git a/app/templates/index.html b/app/templates/index.html
index c9ff6f0..66b6301 100644
--- a/app/templates/index.html
+++ b/app/templates/index.html
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@
         <img src="{{ pc.image_front }}" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">
         <div class="showcase-card-body">
             <div class="showcase-card-meta">
-                {% if pc.country_from and pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_from }} → {{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country }}</span>
-                {% elif pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country }}</span>
+                {% if pc.country_to_from and pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_to_from }} → {{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                {% elif pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
                 {% endif %}
             </div>
         </div>
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ function _appendCard(c) {
     div.setAttribute('data-front', c.image_front);
     div.onclick = function() { openLightbox(div); };
     var countryHtml = '';
-    if (c.country_from && c.country) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country_from) + ' ' + c.country_from + ' → ' + _flag(c.country) + ' ' + c.country + '</span>';
-    else if (c.country) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country) + ' ' + c.country + '</span>';
+    if (c.country_from && c.country_to) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country_from) + ' ' + c.country_from + ' → ' + _flag(c.country_to) + ' ' + c.country_to + '</span>';
+    else if (c.country_to) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country_to) + ' ' + c.country_to + '</span>';
     div.innerHTML = '<img src="' + c.image_front + '" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">' +
         '<div class="showcase-card-body"><div class="showcase-card-meta">' + countryHtml + '</div></div>';
     grid.appendChild(div);
diff --git a/app/templates/postcard_detail.html b/app/templates/postcard_detail.html
index a7bfaec..ef98b4a 100644
--- a/app/templates/postcard_detail.html
+++ b/app/templates/postcard_detail.html
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.status'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ {'sent':'已寄出','delivered':'已送达','received':'已收到'}.get(postcard.status, postcard.status) if user.language=='zh' else {'sent':'Sent','delivered':'Delivered','received':'Received'}.get(postcard.status, postcard.status) }}</dd>
             {% if postcard.status in ('sent','delivered') %}
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.recipient'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ postcard.recipient_name or '-' }}</dd>
-            <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.route'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{% if postcard.country_from %}{{ postcard.country_from|flag }} {{ postcard.country_from }} → {% endif %}{{ postcard.country|flag }} {{ postcard.country or '-' }}</dd>
+            <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.route'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{% if postcard.country_to_from %}{{ postcard.country_to_from|flag }} {{ postcard.country_to_from }} → {% endif %}{{ postcard.country_to|flag }} {{ postcard.country_to or '-' }}</dd>
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.send_time'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ postcard.send_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') if postcard.send_time else '-' }}</dd>
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.arrival_time'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ postcard.arrival_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') if postcard.arrival_time else '-' }}</dd>
             {% else %}
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.sender'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ postcard.sender_name or '-' }}</dd>
-            <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.route'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{% if postcard.country_from %}{{ postcard.country_from|flag }} {{ postcard.country_from }} → {% endif %}{{ postcard.country|flag }} {{ postcard.country or '-' }}</dd>
+            <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.route'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{% if postcard.country_to_from %}{{ postcard.country_to_from|flag }} {{ postcard.country_to_from }} → {% endif %}{{ postcard.country_to|flag }} {{ postcard.country_to or '-' }}</dd>
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.receive_time'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ postcard.receive_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') if postcard.receive_time else '-' }}</dd>
             {% endif %}
             <dt>{{ 'pc_detail.profile'|t(user.language) }}</dt><dd>{{ postcard.profile.nickname }}</dd>
diff --git a/app/templates/postcard_form.html b/app/templates/postcard_form.html
index 2442316..6ea0bd2 100644
--- a/app/templates/postcard_form.html
+++ b/app/templates/postcard_form.html
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
     </div>
 
     <label>{{ 'pc_form.country_from'|t(user.language) }}</label>
-    <input type="text" name="country_from" id="input-country-from" value="{{ postcard.country_from if postcard and postcard.country_from else (profile.country if profile else '') }}" maxlength="2" style="width:80px;text-transform:uppercase" oninput="this.value=this.value.toUpperCase()">
+    <input type="text" name="country_from" id="input-country-from" value="{{ postcard.country_to_from if postcard and postcard.country_to_from else (profile.country if profile else '') }}" maxlength="2" style="width:80px;text-transform:uppercase" oninput="this.value=this.value.toUpperCase()">
 
     <label>{{ 'pc_form.country'|t(user.language) }} *</label>
-    <input type="text" name="country" id="input-country" value="{{ postcard.country if postcard else '' }}" maxlength="2" placeholder="JP" style="width:80px;text-transform:uppercase" oninput="this.value=this.value.toUpperCase()">
+    <input type="text" name="country_to" id="input-country-to" value="{{ postcard.country_to if postcard else '' }}" maxlength="2" placeholder="JP" style="width:80px;text-transform:uppercase" oninput="this.value=this.value.toUpperCase()">
 
     <label>{{ 'pc_form.notes'|t(user.language) }}</label>
     <textarea name="notes" rows="3" placeholder="{{ 'pc_form.notes_ph'|t(user.language) }}">{{ postcard.notes if postcard else '' }}</textarea>
diff --git a/app/templates/postcards.html b/app/templates/postcards.html
index 895b224..6c19cdd 100644
--- a/app/templates/postcards.html
+++ b/app/templates/postcards.html
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     <div class="postcard-row-info">
         <strong>{{ pc.card_number }}</strong>
         <div class="postcard-row-detail">
-            <span>{% if pc.country_from %}{{ pc.country_from|flag }}→{% endif %}{{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country or '-' }}</span>
+            <span>{% if pc.country_to_from %}{{ pc.country_to_from|flag }}→{% endif %}{{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to or '-' }}</span>
             <span>→ {{ pc.recipient_name or '-' }}</span>
         </div>
         <span class="badge badge-{{ pc.status }}">{{ {'sent':'已寄出','delivered':'已送达'}.get(pc.status) if user.language=='zh' else {'sent':'Sent','delivered':'Delivered'}.get(pc.status) }}</span>
diff --git a/app/templates/showcase.html b/app/templates/showcase.html
index f7f88b9..44d8903 100644
--- a/app/templates/showcase.html
+++ b/app/templates/showcase.html
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@
             <img src="{{ pc.image_front }}" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">
             <div class="showcase-card-body">
                 <div class="showcase-card-meta">
-                    {% if pc.country_from and pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_from }} → {{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country }}</span>
-                    {% elif pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country|flag }}</span>
+                    {% if pc.country_to_from and pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_to_from }} → {{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                    {% elif pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to|flag }}</span>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% if pc.send_time %}<span>{{ pc.send_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</span>{% endif %}
                 </div>
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@
             <img src="{{ pc.image_front }}" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">
             <div class="showcase-card-body">
                 <div class="showcase-card-meta">
-                    {% if pc.country_from and pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_from }} → {{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country }}</span>
-                    {% elif pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country|flag }}</span>
+                    {% if pc.country_to_from and pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_to_from }} → {{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                    {% elif pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to|flag }}</span>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% if pc.send_time %}<span>{{ pc.send_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</span>{% endif %}
                 </div>
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@
             <img src="{{ pc.image_front }}" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">
             <div class="showcase-card-body">
                 <div class="showcase-card-meta">
-                    {% if pc.country_from and pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_from }} → {{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country }}</span>
-                    {% elif pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country|flag }}</span>
+                    {% if pc.country_to_from and pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_to_from }} → {{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                    {% elif pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to|flag }}</span>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% if pc.receive_time %}<span>{{ pc.receive_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</span>{% endif %}
                 </div>
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@
             <img src="{{ pc.image_front }}" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">
             <div class="showcase-card-body">
                 <div class="showcase-card-meta">
-                    {% if pc.country_from and pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_from }} → {{ pc.country|flag }} {{ pc.country }}</span>
-                    {% elif pc.country %}<span>{{ pc.country|flag }}</span>
+                    {% if pc.country_to_from and pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to_from|flag }} {{ pc.country_to_from }} → {{ pc.country_to|flag }} {{ pc.country_to }}</span>
+                    {% elif pc.country_to %}<span>{{ pc.country_to|flag }}</span>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% if pc.receive_time %}<span>{{ pc.receive_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</span>{% endif %}
                 </div>
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ function _appendCard(c, gridId) {
     div.setAttribute('data-front', c.image_front);
     div.onclick = function() { openLightbox(div); };
     var countryHtml = '';
-    if (c.country_from && c.country) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country_from) + ' ' + c.country_from + ' → ' + _flag(c.country) + ' ' + c.country + '</span>';
-    else if (c.country) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country) + '</span>';
+    if (c.country_from && c.country_to) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country_from) + ' ' + c.country_from + ' → ' + _flag(c.country_to) + ' ' + c.country_to + '</span>';
+    else if (c.country_to) countryHtml = '<span>' + _flag(c.country_to) + '</span>';
     div.innerHTML = '<img src="' + c.image_front + '" alt="" class="showcase-card-img" loading="lazy">' +
         '<div class="showcase-card-body"><div class="showcase-card-meta">' + countryHtml + '</div></div>';
     grid.appendChild(div);